Wilfred Owen’s Anthem for Doomed Youth Analysis

Wilfred Owen's Anthem for a Doomed Youth is exactly that, an anthem ( a solemn song) to commemorate the innocent youth, whose lives were taken to soon by war. By using the word anthem, he calls to mind the glory and honor of a national anthem, however; he goes on to explain that there is no honor or glory in death, pairing the words doomed and youth together creates so much sorrow as well, it provides a woeful impression as it foretells of young people having no hope. Written in sonnet form, it is an elegy for the dead.The octave deals with auditory images of war and death and the sestet deals with more visual images. Wilfred Owen masterfully uses both imagery and figurative language to convey his lament for these young people who died. In the octet of this poem (the first eight lines), Owen catalogues all the images of death, such as â€Å"passing bells†, â€Å"anger of the guns†, rattle of guns, funeral prayers, â€Å"wailing shells†, â€Å"bugles and sad shir es†. Many of these images are personified as well, such as the rattling guns and wailing shells.These images will be the funeral that the boys get, not the real one that they deserve. This personification contributes to the harshness of the images and creates auditory images for the reader. The reader can hear the sensory images. However, these images are also set directly against religious imagery, to further emphasize the destructiveness of war. The passing bells, prayers, choirs, and candles emphasize the preciousness of human life. Owen may go so far as to suggest that even religion is helpless against such a powerful destructive force as war.This tone is suggested by the fact that prayers and bells are set against a word like â€Å"mockery†. Just the term â€Å"hasty orisons† has a somewhat disrespectful tone. Owen's use of both similes and metaphors further emphasize the meaning of the poem. The first line jolts the reader with the simile that these young p eople â€Å"die as cattle†. The description depicts multitudes of people being slaughtered and the nature of war to be full of mass deaths. The similes showing how the soldiers are no more important than cattle which are lead to the slaughter without feeling.Owen gives the sonnet a powerful, negative connotation from the very beginning. He implies with this phrase a dehumanization of the soldiers as well as the fact that war causes human beings to treat each other as less than human. In line three, the reader can hear the sound imagery of the â€Å"stuttering rifles' rapid rattle†. The word â€Å"anger† in line 2 also emphasizes the destructive hatred of war. â€Å"Choirs of wailing shells† is a powerful metaphor in line 7 contrasting the world of war and the world of God. For the rest of the poem various religious images abound.For example, the word candles would call to mind the church candles, but they also mean the candles lit in rooms where coffins l ie. â€Å"Holy glimmers of goodbyes† (line 9) combines religious imagery with the idea of death. In the pallor half rhyme of line 11, these two words combine in one line to show the seriousness of the situation. Young people are dying in war, and it is tragic. The â€Å"flowers† of line 11 are also a double-edged sword. Flowers are given on very happy, momentous occasions, but they are also in abundance at solemn occasions like funerals.Furthermore, Owen compares the events of war to traditional burial rituals and describes how those who die in war do not receive proper funerals. In the first stanza, Owen references the â€Å"monstrous anger of guns† to â€Å"passing-bells† and â€Å"rifles’ rapid rattle† to â€Å"hasty orisons†. Usually at funerals or ceremonies for the dead there are bells ringing and prayers being said, but Owen shows that in war there are only the sounds of guns being fired. In war, instead of honoring those who h ave fallen, more are being killed by the same weapons.The last line in the sonnet remains the most powerful in re-affirming the themes and images of death in this poem. The â€Å"dusk is slow† and the â€Å"drawing-down of the blinds† signifies the ultimate death. The use of a traditional form like a sonnet only serves to emphasize the seriousness of the subject. Wilfred Owen masterfully juxtaposes images of war and church in order to emphasize the solemnity of the death these boys had faced. He uses metaphor and simile as well as auditory and visual images in order to allow the reader to truly experience what these boys faced in death. Maddi Cameron-Clarke

Did William Pitt Bring About a National Revival?

Did William Pitt Bring About A National Revival? On one hand, it is easy to believe that Pitt did bring about national revival but on the other hand there are many factors that may lead one to believe otherwise. For example, the end of the American war and the Industrial Revolution both would have happened whether Pitt was in power or not. But many factors, such as Pitt’s natural skill and his reform ideas, helped him to contribute to the national revival. Pitt introduced the Eden Treaty and formed it with France.This helped to increased trade in Britain as, as a country, exports were vastly increased. Pitt also tightened the laws around smuggling items both into and out of Britain which also increased trade. He did this by introducing bonded warehouses, where goods could be stores free of tax until they were taken out of Britain for sale. The Sinking Fund was also introduced by Pitt and helped, again, to increase the amount of money in Britain. He did this by using Britainâ⠂¬â„¢s profits to pay off debts instead of spending money on other goods, but this was interrupted by the war against France.Pitt also made sure that all of the government’s money was collected and spent correctly in the right places. The streamlining of the Treasury’s financial management with the Consolidation Fund Act, where all 103 exchequer accounts were replaced by one, allowed proper national accounting. However, there were many factors that contributed to a national revival that Pitt was not responsible for. Pitt inherited the national deficit which was a huge advantage to him because it meant that the state of Britain and the government could only improve.The end of the war in America meant that overseas trade would increase and this helped Britain’s imports and exports to boom. This was also helped along by the Industrial Revolution, beginning in the North East, which increased trade in and out of Britain. To conclude, in many ways Pitt did contribute greatly to the national revival but he was helped by other factors that were out of his reach. The Sinking Fund helped Pitt along greatly but he was also assisted by the Industrial Revolution and booming trade from other nations.

Wake County , North Carolina Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wake County , North Carolina - Research Paper Example The Wake Courthouse was established in the county as the very first courthouse leading to the formation of the militia as well as giving way to elections. This county can be found on the map in the north east region of North Carolina, towards the central areas. The exact area is also worldwide recognised as the ‘fall line’; the name being given as this is the location that gives rise to a number of creeks and waterfalls. There are piedmont regions in this area as well, with flat lands and rolling hills. Lake Crabtree, Crabtree Creek and the Neuse River are some renowned water bodies that are found in Wake County. The County also is home to parts of the Jordan and Falls Lake. Geographically speaking, the County is well inhabited also because of its moderate and pleasant climate. It has a subtropical climate with relatively hotter summers than the other states near it. The winds are very high, sometimes leading to a very high amount of humidity. However, during the winters the County has also been known to achieve layers of snow as well as fatal ice storms during peak cold seasons. Between the years 1787 and 1911, Wake County did lose a reasonable amount of its land space in order to give way to the formation of other counties like Durham and Franklin. After Fayeteville, Raleigh, the seat of Wake County, was made the permanent state capital for the purpose of serving the General Assembly. Raleigh was built on approximately 1000 acres which were purchased by the other famous man in whose land the state capital would have been made, had the people not commenced rejoicing the matter beforehand, by the name of Joel Lane. As part of the North Carolina General Assembly, the Triangle J Council of Governments was formed in 1959 with its foundations laid down by the Research Triangle Foundation. Wake County thus became a member of this Council as well governed by a board of seven County

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Essay

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Earnest, which address a specific moral or social theme - Essay Example However, both of these plays also directly address the question of morality, or perhaps immorality would be a better term, of deliberate deception. Within Wilde’s play, more than one character pretends to be someone or something different from what they really are. They are only able to achieve a state of true happiness when they ‘come clean’ about their identities, thus fulfilling the name of the play by illustrating the importance of being earnest, which is another term for honest and sincere. Marlowe’s story focuses more on the darker elements or consequences of deception as his character perpetrates a number of cruel tricks to fulfill his own sense of amusement, fooling both himself and others until he finally comes to realize the true horror of his own doom. Although the course of events is much different from Wilde to Marlowe leading to necessarily differing conclusions regarding the consequences of deception, both playwrights attempt to convey to the ir audiences that deception, no matter what its form or intent, is rarely if ever worth the trouble it creates. Within each of these plays, deception is seen as the only means by which the characters can achieve their own personal inner desires from life. Approaching the lighter of the two plays first, the primary characters in Wilde’s play are Jack Worthing and Algernon ‘Algy’ Moncrieff. As the play begins, it becomes immediately obvious that both of these characters feel severely hampered in pursuing their interests by the rigid conventions of polite society. The only means they discover to escape these constraints is to invent an alter ago who provides them with the means of adopting an entirely different persona. While their individual games are not specifically designed to bring harm upon anyone, the complications that ensue when each of these

Heritage Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heritage Assessment - Assignment Example The music called compas has been passed down to my children. They know many of the lyrics to the music I listen to. I have also maintained the Haitian language. It is French Creole. As a result I speak French, Spanish, Creole, and English. The religion practiced in Haiti and here for my family is Baptist. Religion is very important to me. Although I live in the United States, I have not forgotten where I have come from. My religion, food, family, and culture are deeply rooted in Haiti. Although my family came to the United States for greater opportunities, this never impacted my feelings about my culture. I am Haitian. My traditions and beliefs have remained strongly rooted in my birthplace. My large family is unique in American culture. Coming from a large family has helped me understand sacrifice, love, and tradition. I will admit that I have become Americanized to a degree, but I will always be Haitian. That is the good thing about America. I can live here, but still retain my own culture. My ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage will be useful to my healthcare related career in many ways. The first way my ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage will be useful is by knowing the Haitian people. For example, many Haitian children are not vaccinated. When I encounter a parent or child from Haiti that would be one of the first questions I ask. Another question would be if the patient from Haiti had a TB test. Haiti has a higher rate of TB than other countries. Other healthcare providers might not know these facts. Informing my colleges and fellow Haitians would help patients better understand each other. Sometimes Haitians that have newly arrived do not trust the government, medical staff, or others due to immigration status. If it is revealed that the child or adult does not have immunizations or a TB scan, the patient might feel that INES might be called. This can be very dangerous to the patient and everybody in contact with the patient. I would be

Cutting the budget to the education system will do more harm than good Essay

Cutting the budget to the education system will do more harm than good - Essay Example The recent case of the state of California grants insight into the immediate impact of budget cuts on education systems. As of 2009 the California government had enacted budget cuts of about 12 billion, with an additional 1.2 billion proposed (O’Connell). This has led to â€Å"class-size increases in Pasadena† and â€Å"the expected laying off of 2250 teachers,† both linked to lower graduation rates (O’Connell). The consequences, however, reach farther than immediate effects on classroom quality and graduation. Lower education rates seem to lead to lower economic performance. According to Business Weekly, even at current rates decreases in educational performance could lead to a cut of as much as 2% of GDP due to changes in demographics and expected graduation rates (Symonds). With the growth of global markets and the precedence placed on economic performance in the burgeoning economic powerhouses of India and China, for instance, the United States must wo rk harder to compete. Symonds warns of the possibility of â€Å"more US white collar jobs [moving] offshore† as high school graduation rates in the US’ competitors increase. We cannot neglect the other side of the budget cuts.

Reflection on conjoint family therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on conjoint family therapy - Essay Example Indeed some of the purist therapists cannot acquiescence to commence with a session unless the whole family is present. This therapy exists on the premises that the whole family is the client hence anything less than that is underrepresentation. For the family to heal, it is hence essential that the ailing relationships must be present in the room while therapy is conducted, necessitating the presence of the whole family (Satir 1983, p.66). The symptoms of family pain manifest themselves in one member of the family; these then affect the other members in different forms causing the ultimate breakdown. This has been used with considerable success, to deal with problems such as alcoholism where one member’s addiction affects the entire family (Piercy, Sprenkle, Wetchler 1996, p.320,). One of the major advantages of conjoint family therapy is that it helps create a natural environment for children to express themselves in therapy. Young children often appear to have psychological problems, but these are normally reactions to a troubled environment. Bearing in mind that the child’s primary environment is the family, often family problems Cause his /her discomfiture. As such, the family as a unit will have to heal so the child’s problems can be solved Since children are often not very articulate, individual therapy can be intimidating, and they may be overwhelmed by therapy whose cause they may not even comprehend. This will devalue the therapy, creates the impression that there may be something wrong with him/her hence, and as a result create psychological new problem (Kafka, 2012). Besides, it is crucial that the parents support therapists’ work, and if they are not aware of what the child has learnt through therapy, they might reverse the improvements. This can occur inadvertently through their behavior especially if it is the course of the child requiring therapy in the first place. Conjoint

Miss Brill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Miss Brill - Essay Example Female poverty and loneliness are two central ideas of Mansfield’s short story titled Miss Brill. Mansfield’s Symbolism Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield is a literary realization of an incredible life drama. Portrayal of the main heroine is achieved through detailed description of the woman’s characters and inner workings of her mind in a very short, only four-page essay. Mansfield’s creative and fine work can be compared to that of a jeweler dealing with some precious stones and jewelry. Symbolism is skillfully placed within a simple plot of Miss Brill. Literary masterpiece of Katherine Mansfield really deserves acknowledgement and admiration. Even the title of the story points out a great literary genius in this great writer, Katherine Mansfield. A great attention to details as well as author’s originality is presented throughout work of Mansfield. Miss Brill is a spinster who has neither friends nor any other close people. Source of her earnings comes from working as an English tutor. Besides, she is engaged in reading press to an old disabled person whose ability to hear and understand is very doubtful. Furthermore, it becomes obvious that Miss Brill lives somewhere close to the seaside in France. From the very beginning the reader begins to comprehend the mood of the main character as well as the atmosphere of the whole story. The weather is intriguingly unstable since â€Å"the blue sky powdered with gold and great spots of light like white wine splashed over the Jardins Publiuqes† (Mansfield) point out on possible rain in the nearest time. So, Miss Brill is obviously ready to such conditions of weather as she takes out her fur which she calls â€Å"Dear little thing†. Soon, the reader associates fur coat with Miss Brill. Both of them are approximately of the same age. Depression – Psychological State of Mind of the Protagonist As the story unfolds, we find out that the old lady is happy to live and be active observer of someone else’s life. Thus, she is an active participant of daily life drama surrounding her. It is Mansfield’s style of writing as well as language used in this short story that makes the symbolic meaning strikingly distinctive. Everyday routine is covering all life of Miss Brill and she, as many woman of her age and status, cannot afford to see other attractive sides of life available to her. being an active life observer, the main heroine does not have time to live her own life actively. Being an elderly lady Miss Brill does not realize that her beauty has vanished away with her youth years. Speaking as an observer of other people of older age the protagonist does not even have a clue that she is describing people like herself (Morrow 82). One of the descriptions made by Miss Brill is very similar to those she makes on regular bases: ...they were nearly always the same Sunday after Sunday, and – Miss Brill had often noticed—there was something funny about nearly all of them. They were odd, silent, nearly all old, and from the way they stared they looked as though they'd just come from dark little rooms or even—even cupboards! (399) Misery of the humankind depicted in this short story is underlined with the help of Miss Brill’s image of her surrounding. Female characters in Miss Brill do not have

Activity Based Costing (ABC) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Activity Based Costing (ABC) - Assignment Example Historically, ABC started to become popular as an alternative approach to traditional cost accounting about three decades ago, where the latter has become increasingly proving its irrelevance (Emblemsvag, 2010). The increasing automation of production as compared to being labor-intensive, the multiple product lines compared to small number of products being produced, and the increasing overhead cost of companies are factors which are said to have contributed to the popularity of ABC (Emblemsvag, 2010). ABC is said to have addressed some important issues which traditional cost accounting may have left hanging when it comes to question of reason or logic in cost allocation. Comparing the two methods of allocating cost, Emblemsvag (2010) highlighted three salient points of ABC: 1. ABC assumes cost objects consume activities whereas traditional cost accounting assumes cost objects consume resources, 2. ABC uses drivers at various levels (hence consumption, and therefore cost varies at all levels), while traditional cost accounting usually employs volume related allocation as bases for costs, and 3. ABC is process oriented, while traditional cost accounting is process oriented. Higher productivity as a desired goal or objective, therefore, is better achieved using activity based costing than traditional cost accounting. ... Such opportunities may not be readily available in a traditional cost accounting system, making ABC the wiser choice for productivity managers. Therefore, ABC is a tool that has proven to be a valuable tool for efficiency and productivity performance, and probably an indispensable method of cost allocation and cost accounting for modern organisations. Many more typical benefits of ABC have been cited (Value Based Management, 2011), and among them are: Ability to identify the most and least profitable customers, products, and channels, Ability to easily identify the root causes of poor financial performance, Ability to track costs of activities and work processes, Equip managers with cost intelligence to better drive improvements, Meet important marketing objectives, such as determination of a better marketing mix, enhancement of bargaining power with customers, and achieve better positioning of products in the market From the above premises it can be gleaned that ABC offers the bette r solution for any problem arising from overhead cost allocation. Definitely, ABC is an improvement of what traditional cost accounting aims to address, i.e., allocation of cost to where it matters most, keep costs down, and contribute to rising profit levels for the company through increased efficiency and productivity. But is ABC really perfect? Has it become the eureka of overhead allocation, where a lasting solution has been found to last a lifetime? Is there a downside, a lowlight, anything that ABC would not be able to achieve? Is it the perfect cure? There are some weaknesses when ABC is implemented by organisations. But such weaknesses or limitations are far

The Positives of Gaming and Addiction Term Paper

The Positives of Gaming and Addiction - Term Paper Example One of the things that have worried many people and especially sociologist is the fact that computers have made people be less social. With computers being interconnected through networks such as the internet, a lot of people have realized that they can do much of the things they need to do from the comfort of the their homes without having to go out to the world. These days, people can take their education online, buy things online and have them delivered to their doorsteps, even socialize online using social media such as facebook.com and Twitter. Because of this, people have less face-to-face communication with each other and this is feared to be a negative impact of the information technology of today. As more people continue to disappear behind their computers and have fewer social interactions as they use the computers and computer networks to interact with the rest of the world, they are going to be less social and the social fabric will be ripped apart, leading to the end of civilization as it is known today (Hjorth, 2008). However, with regard to this, there is a debate with regard to whether this is a good thing or a bad thing. On the one side of this debate are the people who believe that just because people are spending more time with their computers does not necessarily mean that the social fabric has lost its structure, but that this is just one more phase of the evolution of the society with regard to how people relate with each other. Others, on the other hand, feel that this is a risk that must be avoided as much as possible. The fear of technology and especially computer technology has been seen for some time now and in the USA, it even attracted some kind of fanatics with the rationalist who believed that everything must be done to prevent further development o such technology. In the 1970s, there were some terrorist actions carried out by an American who was determined to make sure that technology could not grow further.

Cyber Bullying Essay Example for Free

Cyber Bullying Essay Cyber bullying has become an increasing issue in the last few years in the United States. The reason why this type of bulling is the worst because the bully could come from someone anonymous as well as it could come from any place and at any time. As a result, the victim that is being bullied will suffer some short and long term problems such as: mistrusting of others, anxiety, depression, poor performance at school, and can result in suicide. Due to the increasing number of teenagers being cyber bullied, it should be a criminal, punishable offense in the United States in order to protect the Nation’s children and teenagers. What is Cyber Bullying? In the rapid development in technology, there have been some issues that have come to light about the use of these products in the hands of adolescences. It has been found through some research that cyber bullying is a new form of violent behavior (Bendixen, Endresen, and Olweus, 2003). Cyber bullying behavior is described as violent behavior that is against an individual or group that is demonstrated through the usage of internet and mobile phones (Vandebsch and Cleemput, 2008). This type of violent behavior includes an individual hacking onto another individual’s personal website, leaking out damaging information through the use of communication technology such as: mobile phone, email, and sending messages. The Effects of Cyber Bullying Although cyber bullying does not occur in person, it can still have the same emotional and psychological effects of regular bullying. A child that has been bullied/cyber bullying more than likely to experience loneliness, unhappiness, anxiety, depression, and problems sleeping (Keith Martin, 2005). Many times the effects of bullying often go unnoticed due to the fact the victim feels embarrassed and/or afraid the bullying will continue. Often times, the victim tends to act anxious, less confident, and become very quiet in class (Keith Martin, 2005). As a result, the child has a significant hurdle in their development and it also can be a hindrance in their academic success. They have a fear that anything they put on any social site may be used against them by individual they know or don’t know. Punishing Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying has become a serious widespread problem that has become more savage than a schoolyard bullying (Vandebsch Cleemput, 2008). The adolescents lack the maturity to understand the consequences of their actions and feel that it is okay to retaliate without being caught (Vandebsch Cleemput, 2008). The increase stories of tragedies where children being bullied over social media sites have also increased in awareness. Stories such as Amanda Todd are coming out more and more in which the child has been bullied and the child commits suicide. Such tragic stories and nothing was ever done to the bullies or the bully was never found. As a result to the recent deaths of these children that have been bullied, many parents have pushed the government officials to do something and to criminalize cyber bullying. Amanda Todd’s mother is one that has established the Amanda Todd Trust Fund in which the donations is used to support and educate anti-bullying awareness. Many states like California has a law that makes it a misdemeanor to impersonate anyone through the web on social sites with the intent to threaten, harm, or intimidate other individuals (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). It is very difficult to make cyber bullying a federal crime in which the bullied committed suicide. The legal system is built to where the punishment fits the crime. Although cyber bullying does have its consequences and some cases do end in suicide we as a society, we must find a way to punish those that commit these crimes. Conclusion There are many different ways in how they’re exposed to the harsh life lessons of this world from predators to scam artists. Cyber bullying has come to light and it has many parents worried. One thing is for sure, it’s important for parents to be aware and learn how to navigate social media in order to help their children avoid cyber bullying and to be safe. The reason is that in the adolescence’s life, the most important stage is the period in where they develop relationships among their peers. They become more aware f issues in trying to have a place in their social world. This has a huge effect on their psychological development. Therefore, if adolescence has a positive relationship will lead to them having a successful identity and live in harmony with society (Sahin, Aydin, Sari, 2012). On the other hand, if the adolescence has a negative relationship such as bullying from their peers will harm their emotional, social, and psychological development (Sahin, Aydin, Sari, 2012). Therefore, as a society we should try the punishment that fits the crime.

Case study: Eating Disorder

Case study: Eating Disorder Psychopathology refers to maladaptive behavior/s that causes distress to an individual and is brought about by a psychological disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). A number of factors contribute to the development of psychopathology: collectively referred to as the vulnerability-stress model (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). This model breaks the stressors down into three categories: biological causes, social causes and psychological causes (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004). There are four dominant psychological theories of psychopathology that govern treatment: Psychodynamic Theories, Behavioral Theories, Cognitive Theories and Humanistic and Existential Theories (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Eating disorders are classified as a form of psychopathology. Bulimia Nervosa, in particular, is an eating disorder characterized by bingeing episodes; followed by extreme actions that serve to induce immediate weight loss, such as purging (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Chassler (1998) states that bulimic nervosa sufferers turn to food as a way of alleviating their negative emotions. Food provides a form of distraction from their problems and comfort; this leads to bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). The purging occurs as a way of ensuring that they do not gain weight after their bingeing episodes (Chassler, 1998). Individuals that suffer from bulimia nervosa tend to have been highly preoccupied with their shape and weight prior to developing the disorder. (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Individuals developing this disorder tend to be highly dissatisfied with their bodies and many adolescent girls with low self-esteem tend to believe that all of their failures stem from the way that they look (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). These bulimic individuals follow cultural and societal norms that promise greater self-esteem to those who are slimmer (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Interestingly, Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) discovered that bulimic women evaluated their own bodies in a skewed manner; however, they found no such disturbances in their cognition related to other womens bodies or to what they assumed men might find attractive. It is also believed that those suffering from bulimia nervosa are mainly motivated by the desire to fulfill the expectations that men have about womens bodies (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Lacey and Evans (as cited in Anestis et al., 2009) were the first researchers to divide bulimic nervosa patients into two distinct subgroups: multi-impulsive versus uni-impulsive. The multi-impulsive subgroup exhibits impulsive behaviors that include not only binging and purging but also one of the following behaviors: substance abuse, stealing, sexual promiscuity or self-injury. However, Harnden-Fischer and Westen (2001) have found that separating bulimics into subgroups runs the risk of confining a range of complicated personality factors into a single category. These factors seem to be, characterized by emotional dysregulation, intense and labile affect, interpersonal desperation and impulsive efforts to escape distress and seek gratification. (Harnden-Fischer Westen, 2001, p. 558). Herzog, Keller, Sacks, Yeh, and Lavoril (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) found that 60% of those individuals with bulimic nervosa, who participated in their study, also had a co morbid Axis I diagnosis. Blinder, Chaitin and Goldstein (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) discovered that co morbidity with other Axis I disorders generally resulted in a poorer prognosis for bulimic nervosa patients. Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) found that the disorders that are most co morbid with bulimia nervosa are mood disorders, substance abuse (mostly alcohol abuse) disorders and anxiety disorders. Bryant-Waugh and Lask (as cited in Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006) highlighted another factor that is thought to contribute to a poor prognosis: the development of bulimia nervosa at an early age. Another factor that is believed to contribute to the possible development of bulimia nervosa is that of family dynamics. Humphrey and Strober (1987) found that those individuals with parents who have a history of alcohol abuse and obesity, which are ill disposed towards said individual, show them no affection and give them minimal attention, are more likely to develop bulimia nervosa. Humphrey and Strober (1987) suggest that bulimic individuals did not learn good coping mechanisms because of being overwhelmed by their family environment; coupled with the pressure to be slim, leads to bingeing and purging behavior. The bingeing episodes may also act as a substitute for the nurturance that they never had (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Arikian et al. (2008) also found that a family history of the father abusing alcohol, and the mother suffering from severe depression, resulted in a poorer prognosis for the bulimic individual. This essay will focus on a particular subject, namely, Molly. The article will investigate Mollys case and proffer possible solutions. Biographical Information THE CASE OF 5 Molly is nineteen years old and a second year tertiary student. She arrived to the session wearing tight jeans and a white sweater with coffee stains on one of her sleeves. Her scarf was out of place. Her hair was untidy and messy and her eyes were sunken with dark rings around them. There were no problems with her making eye contact although she displayed no emotions throughout the interview. She appeared to be very tired as evidenced by the repeated yawning and rubbing of her eyes. This led to the smudging of her mascara. Mollys aunt was worried about her and insisted that she see a psychologist at U.C.T.s Psychology Clinic. She was not doing her university work and was also having trouble sleeping. She had been caught bingeing and purging, which was a long-term problem, and was currently in a considerable amount of mental pain. She was also extremely suicidal. History of the Presenting Problem Molly was first exposed to trauma at a young age. Her parents were arguing loudly every night and Molly took it upon herself to stop them by banging with a toy on her door. This strategy worked for many years and led to Molly believing that she was the one who was responsible for keeping the peace between her parents. Molly was embarrassed to bring her primary school friends home as her father had an obvious alcohol dependency issue and was obese. Humphrey and Strober (1987) state that family discord; parental obesity and substance abuse are often seen to be some of the contributing factors to bulimia nervosa. During her primary school years, her fathers extreme negative reaction to her bad report cards flying into a rage and forbidding her to have supper -left Molly feeling unloved, unwanted and rejected. Both her parents would often drink heavily, until they passed out, and so were not there for Molly when she needed parental guidance and support. Added to this was the comparison that was always made between Molly and her younger brother, Luke. Luke was praised as much as Molly was berated; leading to a deep-seated pain and a sense of never being good enough. This level of family neglect all contributed to Mollys eventual development of bulimia (Humphrey and Strober, 1987). Molly attempted suicide in an effort to punish her parents, and herself, for the way in which they treated her. This demonstrates a tendency to rush into behaviors that lessen the negative affect that Molly feels, and Anestis et al. (cited in Anestis et al., 2009) discovered this tendency to be a predictor of bulimia. Molly went to live with her mother after her parents divorced. Her mother suffered from depression and this is seen to be a contributor to Mollys bulimia as Arikian, Keel, Miller, Thuras, Mitchell and Crow (2008) state that severe maternal depression could lead to a poorer prognosis. Molly gained weight once she entered puberty and this led to the other children taunting her, at school, about her weight. She blamed her weight as the main source of her torment: a strong predictor for bulimia (Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf Jantschek, 2007). Her friends were the ones who first exposed her to bulimic behavior. Even though she claims that many people engage in bulimic behavior, she nevertheless states the need to purge in secret. Molly lost weight due to the bingeing and purging and this behavior was reinforced by her friends telling her how good she looked and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Molly started having sex with multiple partners, beginning at age 13. This behavior has continued into her university years. This can be seen not only as an expression of impulsivity but also as a form of reassurance seeking, two behaviors often associated with bulimics (Anestis et al., 2009). Diagnosis The DSM-IV can be used to assist in diagnosing Molly. Axis I refer to clinical disorders: Molly suffers from bulimia nervosa. This is her primary diagnosis. Co morbidly, she also suffers from substance abuse and depression. Axis II refers to either personality disorders or mental retardation. Molly does not appear to have any personality disorders, even though she does display some features of a borderline personality disorder. As it is stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), her impulsive behaviors, like sexual promiscuity and alcohol abuse, are all symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. However, she is not subject to the continuous vacillation between the extremes of only idealizing or only despising individuals, as described by Nolen-Hoeksema (2004). Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) states that a Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by angry outbursts, due to an unstable mood, and alternates between feelings of low self-worth and feelings of grandiosity. However, in Mollys case, h er angry outbursts are brought about due to a lack of sleep and not due to unstable mood, though she does suffer from that with respect to depression; it seems that she always feels herself to be of low self-worth. Axis III refers to general medical conditions. Molly does not have any general medical conditions. Axis IV refers to psychosocial and environmental problems. Molly comes from a broken home and has poor relationships with both her parents. They have neglected her, been hostile and highly critical of her, since her days in primary school. Therefore, Mollys social support comes from, mainly, her aunt who suggested that she visit a psychologist. Molly had weight problems at school that led to her being taunted and extremely unhappy. Her friends at the time, in high school, introduced her to bingeing and purging behavior. Molly began to get attention from boys and reacted to this by being sexually active from a young age. This behavior continued into her university years. Molly is not doing her university work and says that she needed to take some time off from university. She is under added pressure as her primary caregivers were arguing over how Mollys third year at university was to be financed. Her bingeing and purging episodes escalated dramatically following her visit to her pare nts and stepparent. Axis V refers to the Global Assessment of Functioning. A score of 20 characterizes Molly. Her symptoms are very serious as they can lead to her death or, at the very least, multiple physical problems. She is high in suicidal ideation, and this should be taken seriously and not ignored, and cannot continue with her studies at the present time. Her interpersonal relationships with men are marked by risky sexual behavior and her relationship with her parents serves to exacerbate her bulimic symptoms. She also seems to have no friends. The primary diagnosis is one of bulimia nervosa. There are many factors that point to this diagnosis and that fulfill the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Molly binges on junk food, such as chips and ice cream throughout the day, which is followed by purging. She was also eating in secret thus pointing to a lack of control over her behavior. This behavior started when Molly was thirteen so it has definitely been going on at least twice a week and for longer than three months. Molly was haunted by being overweight at school and attributed all of her problems to her weight, as evidenced by peoples praise of her thinness and by boys starting to take an interest in her. Thus, her preoccupation with her weight is significant. Molly also has two co morbid diagnoses: depression and substance abuse. Her symptoms of depression include emotional symptoms such as waves of mental anguishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which occurred more often, lasted longer, and grew in intensity and flat affect. Her physiological and behavioral symptoms of depression include serious sleep problems and feelings of fatigue as she yawned frequently and rubbed her eyes repeatedly. Her cognitive symptoms of depression include suicidal thoughts and a sense of hopelessness and worthlessness: she says, I thought to myself, nobody cares whether I live or die, so why bother with hospitals? She has major depression as her symptoms have lasted for around two weeks and they interfere with her functioning. Mollys second co morbid disorder is substance abuse. She drinks heavily on the weekends and often gets drunk. She continues to consume alcohol despite having periods where she blacks out and wakes up in bed with someone she has no recollection of even meeting. This is said to have happened frequently. These are hazardous behaviors, as Molly could be assaulted by or contract a sexual disease from any one of these men. The differential diagnoses in this case are substance abuse and depression. Depression is a differential diagnosis as Molly meets the diagnostic criteria of depression but this was ruled out, as the primary diagnosis, despite Mollys initial suicide attempt, as Mollys depressive symptoms appeared after her bulimia nervosa developed and can be seen as one of the symptoms thereof. As Blinder, Cumella and Sanathara (2006) state, Perhaps prolonged illness and chronicity in EDs initiate adverse relational experiences, nutritional causality, and affective blunting that predispose longer-term ED patients to depressive symptoms. Molly also could have been given a primary diagnosis of substance abuse but, once again, this behavior occurred long after the bulimia nervosa began and could be seen to be another symptom thereof. As Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) state, A significant percentage of treatment-seeking individuals with BN are also diagnosed with a co-morbid disorder, with approximately 20 to 80% classified with a lifetime major depressive disorderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Among individuals with eating disorders, patients with BNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ report a higher prevalence of alcohol or drug problems. Case Formulation There are a number of psychological theories that underpin Mollys case but, perhaps, the most fitting theory is that of the psychoanalytic theory, a subset of psychodynamic theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2008). Freud developed psychoanalysis and this theory is largely based on the idea that all behavior stems from unconscious processes. As stated in Nolen-Hoeksema (2004), Freud termed the phenomenon of when a persons defense mechanisms are no longer useful as they are harmful to that individual, the neurotic paradox. One could say that Molly suffers from the neurotic paradox: she has unresolved, and angry, feelings towards her parents and sublimates these feelings by bingeing and purging. Nolen-Hoeksema (2004) mentions Freuds notion of repression: memories or feelings that an individual cannot or does not want to face and so, these memories or feelings, are banished from said individuals consciousness. One could also say that Mollys bingeing and purging stem from her repressing her angry fe elings towards her father, turning them inwards and making use of maladaptive strategies to cope. Many of Mollys problems stem from her family upbringing and the relationship that she has with her primary caregivers, her parents; as will be demonstrated below. Sugarman and Kurash (as cited in Chassler, 1998) state that the bingeing episodes are a way of reconnecting to the mother and the purging occurs out of a fear of being swallowed-up by the mother. This theory points to Molly expressing her anger and disappointment at her mother for not being there to show her the love and support that she needed and so, in this way, Molly is trying to fulfill her need for maternal love in other ways. As Woodall (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p. 403) has pointed out, the bulimic nervosa sufferer uses food as a, reliable transitional object as a way to undo the mothers frightening unreliability. Bowlby (as cited in Chassler, 1998) first established the concept of attachment: a theorizing of the way in which humans are driven to form attachments to certain others. A healthy and nurturing attachment to a primary caregiver leads to a well-adjusted child (Chassler, 1998). However, disturbances in this attachment lead to all kinds of psychological problems developing (Chassler, 1998). As a child, Molly was exposed to her parents hostile feelings towards one another: expressed in their fighting matches. This can be seen to be a disruption in the positive attachment that should have developed between Molly and her parents (Chassler, 1998). Twice in her life, she felt as though she were responsible for her parents behaviors: (1) as a child when she would knock on the door in an attempt to get her parents to stop fighting and (2) when living with her depressed mother, now divorced, and feeling responsible for her mothers emotional wellbeing. As Humphrey (as cited in Chassler, 1998, p . 406) states families of bulimic nervosa sufferers tend to be, higher in conflict, chaos, detachment, neglect, dependency and contradictory communications than normal families. Igoin-Apfelbaum (as cited in Chassler, 1998) found that there are a higher percentage of broken homes among his bulimic nervosa participants than among his control participants. This hostile environment became unbearable for Molly during her primary school years. Her fathers emotional abuse led to Molly feeling worthless and, perhaps, seeing as he attacked her intellectual ability, she felt that she could succeed in another way by controlling her weight and being attractive. Molly may have a genetic predisposition to developing depression as her mother suffers from depression (Blinder, Cumella Sanathara, 2006). Mollys parents both abused alcohol and her father is described as being obese; these are two factors that are linked to the development of bulimia (Humphrey Strober, 1987). Being in direct contact with her fathers obesity may have contributed to Mollys obsession with being thin. Lilenfeld et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found that individuals with bulimia nervosa with a co morbid disorder of substance abuse mostly have relatives who themselves have a substance abuse problem. Treatment Keel et al.(as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) posits that alcohol abuse and eating disorders stem from different etiologies that mutually bear influence upon one another. O Malley et al. (as cited in Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009) found, in his study, that successfully treating the substance abuse disorder did not completely eradicate the bulimic syndrome Therefore, Molly, who has co morbid alcohol abuse and bulimia nervosa, may require an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy treatment that addresses both disorders (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). There are specific modules that Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009) highlight as being the most significant targets that their integrated cognitive behavioral therapy should attempt to heal. Addressing motivation to change is key as adherence to recovery is necessary, in order to prevent relapse (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing interpersonal relationships, making use of techniques gleaned from psychotherapy, is crucial as interpersonal conflict often serves to exacerbate the bulimic and substance abuse behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing reward sensitivity can be done in the form of cue exposure, which has been shown to be successful for both substance abuse and bulimic behavior (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). However, cue exposure may not be appropriate for outpatient therapy as it could lead to alcohol consumption after the session (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). Addressing impulsive behaviors is a necessary part of the treatment and dialectical behavior therapy has been found t o be effective in treating the bulimia nervosa sufferers impulsive behaviors (Hildebrandt Sysko, 2009). For as Hildebrandt and Sysko (2009, p. 95) have stated, The DBT model for BN conceptualizes binge eating and purging as a means of controlling emotions, and emotion dysregulation is therefore considered to be primary problem with ongoing bulimic behaviors. Conclusion: Gender Bias Benninghoven, Raykowski, Solzbacher, Kunzendorf and Jantschek (2007) found bulimic women, whose perceptions of the body shape and size of women that men find attractive, did not differ significantly from that of men. However, they also state that cultural norms indicate that adolescent girls hope to attain self-confidence by achieving a level of thinness. Therefore, women feel that they have to attain a particular level of thinness in order to be desired by the opposite sex. This places women under tremendous pressure. The media contributes to this pressure by displaying images of women who have attained this ideal thereby intimating that it is within every womans power to achieve similar results. Men are under more pressure to be successful in monetary terms as this can snare a mate, whereas women are under more pressure to be physically appealing in order to attract men. This is evident in Mollys case as she states that boys began being interested in her once she had lost her weigh t. Therefore, it is apparent that bulimia nervosa would have a greater propensity in women than it would in men.

The Special Relationship UK and US

The Special Relationship UK and US The term ‘special relationship is used to describe the Anglo-American relations soon after the Second World War when Britain and the United States developed a close working relationship and co-operated extensively in terms of military alliance, intelligence, diplomacy, nuclear affairs and also in cultural and intellectual life. The relationship between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill established the beginning of an extraordinary relationship in political history. The term ‘special relationship was coined by Winston Churchill in his Sinews of Peace Address (commonly called the Iron Curtain speech) at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, on 5 March 1946. Arguably, a period in which both Britain and the United States had a lot to gain from profound cooperation was the late 1940s.Britain had been weakened by the effects of the War and required financial assistance to restore its industries and rebuild its cities. The United States on the other hand was facing Soviet threat and was restricted by isolationist tendencies and domestic dissent on the domestic political front. Gallagher (2004:110) states that this period was a time when London and Washington recognized the need to maintain the kind of unity that had been so important during the fight against Japan and Nazi Germany. The Anglo-American relationship had several distinctive features. In the axis of intelligence, the United States and Britain shared a wide range of information than either does among its other allies; especially during the Second World War and thereafter restored under the 1948 UKUSA agreements of which Dickie (1994:260) describes as â€Å"the most fruitful joint venture of the Anglo-American partnership, with extraordinary dividends for both sides†. This agreement set up the signals intelligence (SIGINT) apparatus of the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In the same vein, British intelligence operatives worked with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and functioned from the US embassy in London (Dumbrell, 2001). Britain and the United States also shared numerous bilateral defence links left over from the Second World War. Colman (2004) states that In December 1941, the cooperation between the British and American governments reached its peak with the signing of the Anglo-American Alliance and the creation of the combined chief of staff which is a collaborated British and American military command which presides over all Anglo-American operations. The NATO alliance, focused on the defence of Western Europe had Britain and the United States as its leading members. The formation of NATO in 1949 had the British Army of the Rhine (BOAR) as the Britains land force contribution with over 50,000 troops stationed in Germany in 1962 (Colman, 2004). The special relationship resulted in the Atlantic Charter of 1941, which is a set of guiding principles at the coming of peace targeted to govern relations between states. The Anglo-American relationship was furthered strengthened by economic connections, atomic and nuclear matters, and considering the fact that both countries share a common heritage and a common language. It is also pertinent to note the personal relationships that existed between some American Presidents and British Prime Ministers, significantly Churchill (whose mother was American) and Roosevelt and years later between Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. The extent of the unity of purpose and cooperation which existed between the British and American governments during the Second World War remains one of the most phenomenal aspects of that period. However, the special relationship was intensely strained during the Suez crisis of 1956 and raised questions as to how special the relationship really was in reality. This essay seeks to address how the Suez crisis impaired the UK, USA special relationship and to decipher if the relationship was really that special. The Suez crisis of 1956 greatly strained the relationship between Britain and America; the crisis exposed their differences to colonialism, communism and their contrasting stakes in the Middle East. Also, the Anglo-American Alliance and Britains position as a great power was in ruins during this period. The Suez Canal was a sea route of vast strategic importance to Britain. As the main significance of the British Empire; it connected Britain with India and the pacific. The major figures involved were Anthony Eden, Britains Prime Minister, US president Dwight D. Eisenhower, his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles and the Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser. The Suez Canal was the focal point of Britains military presence in the Eastern Mediterranean especially since Britain domination of Egypt since the 1880s (Dimbleby and Reynolds, 1988). Eden, who was Churchills successor as prime Minister argued that the Canal was Britains great imperial lifeline, particularly for oil (The Economist, 27 July 2006). For the Egyptians on the other hand, the Canal Zone was a constant reminder of the despised British occupation and efforts to terminate Britains presence in the Canal Zone were escalated especially after the military coup of 1952 which ousted the luxurious king Farouk. It became somewhat difficult to operate the canal as Egyptians boycotted British employment and attacked British personnel. (Dimbleby and Reynolds, 1988) The British government came to a decision in 1954 to evacuate the Canal Zone by June 1956. Eden hoped that this decision would foster a new relationship with Egypt and also since the American and British government agreed to financially support Nasser with a loan of $70 Million towards the procurement of the Aswan High Dam to provide better irrigation and electric power to Egypt. (Dimbleby and Reynolds, 1988) However, despite the loan offered by Britain and America, Nasser was not forthcoming, he undermined the Baghdad pact, a regional defence organization which was British-led and rejected the Anglo-American peace treaty plans with Israel. His ambition was to politically resurrect the whole Arab world against colonialism and opposition of great powers exploitation of the Middle East. Dimbleby and Reynolds (1988) state that while accepting the loan from the Anglo-American government, Nasser ordered arms from the Soviet Union through Czechoslovakia. By March 1956, the Anglo-American governments could no longer put up with Nasser; Eden condemned and compared Nasser with Mussolini and Hitler of the 1930s, adding that the Egyptian leaders objective was to become a ‘Caesar from the Gulf to the Atlantic, and to kick us out of it all (Shuckburgh, 1987:327). Dulles the US secretary of state announced on 19 July 1956 that the Aswan loan offered to Egypt had been cancelled. Nasser retaliated on 26 July 1956 by declaring to an amazed world the nationalization of the Suez Canal, stressing that Egypt would be in charge of the canal and proceeds used to finance the Aswan dam. Britain placed economic and political sanctions on Egypt as the British interest was in severe jeopardy, the British government was ready to use force to bring Nasser down. Eden tried to convince Eisenhower on the removal of the Nasser government for a regime friendlier to the West. However, Eisenhower was as unreceptive to Britain, just as Britain had been to America at the peak of the Dien Bien Phu crisis in Vietnam in 1954 (Louis and Owen, 1989) America did not have much at stake in respect to the nationalization of the Suez Canal as Britain did and as such believed that diplomacy was the best option, Dulles on 2nd October told a news conference that under the North Atlantic Treaty, Suez was not a part of Americas obligations to her Allies. (Dimbleby and Reynolds, 1988) Britain sort alliance with France as co-owners of the canal. Israel was encouraged to escalate the border raids in Sinai and invade Egypt signalling another Arab-Israeli War thereby posing a threat to the Suez Canal. Britain and France would exploit the opportunity as a pretext to intervene and secure the Suez Canal (The Economist, 27 July 2006). The American government was completely kept in the dark concerning these preparations for action. Eden concluded that although the Americans were in principle not happy with Britains use of force against Egypt to recover the canal, they would not completely oppose Britain. Outright American antagonism was least expected and that is exactly what Britain was faced with. A twelve hours ultimatum was issued by London and Paris for Israel and Egypt to retreat from the canal which was to be taken over by British and French forces. Israel accepted this ultimatum while Egypt rejected it and on the 31st of October 1956, the British and French destroyed Egyptian airfields. Eisenhower was infuriated by the obvious deception of his closest ally and Britains unwillingness to revert to diplomacy. Eisenhower, who was completely kept in the dark, felt utterly betrayed by his erstwhile allies, he told his aides â€Å"Ive just never seen great powers make such a complete mess and botch of things† (Dimbleby and Reynolds, 1988:214). He was determined to bring the whole enterprise to a stop. The timing of Britains actions was further unfortunate for Eisenhower who was up for re-election on 6 November 1956 of which his intention was to win as the incumbent ‘peace president, and it was pertinent he showed his capability of controlling global diplomatic and military conflicts. As such, Eisenhower could not afford to get caught up in a foreign complicated situation of no direct interest to America. America proved adept working via the United Nations and introduced a resolution calling for a ceasefire and desists from the use of force by all UN members. This resolution was passed by a majority of 64 to five votes, Russia voting with the US (Dumbrell, 2001). Britain on the other hand was severely criticised from all around the world instigated by the Americans. Apart from publicly criticising Britain and giving her a cold shoulder, Rachman (2001) highlights that the Americans further used the diminishing value of the pound sterling as a weapon to evict Britain from Egypt. A run on the pound ensued under US pressure as foreign holders of the sterling began to back out their holdings. America attacked the fragile economy of Britain and prohibited the IMF to offer emergency loans to Britain until the invasion was called off. The British Treasury envisaged an imminent financial collapse and on 7th November, Britain declared a ceasefire, stopped the operation and gave in to America demands. The French though furious were obliged to agree as their troops were under British authority, many of Britains illusions about the special relationship was destroyed and undermined by the Suez crisis of 1956. This is not the first time the Anglo-American relationship was severely strained and certainly not the last; the Indo-China crisis and the difference of opinions over Formosa are some examples. In reference to the ‘special relationship in the Middle East, Ashton (1996:113) argues as to the reason why the Middle East proved to be ‘such a fertile ground for conflict between the two powers was simply that their interests here often failed to coincide. Indeed, the US Cold War aims of containing the Soviet Union clashed with Britains tendency towards the Middle East in terms of the protection of its imperial interest. This difference in Anglo-American relations produced conflicts following the nationalisation of the Anglo-Iranian oil company in 1951 by the Iranian Premier Mohammad Mossadeq. The Anglo-American opposition further resurfaced in 1955 when Britain adhered to the Baghdad pact. Dulles, discussing the pact with Eisenhower asserted that â€Å"the British have taken it over and run it as an instrument of British policy that has drawn down upon it a tremendous amount of criticism† (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1991). The Anglo-American dispute as a result of failure of interest to coincide was also apparent over the tension in the South-Eastern Arabia territory of Buraimi. Anthony Eden, in January 1957 the eve of his resignation as Prime Minister remarked â€Å"It may be that the United States attitude to us in the Middle East dates from our refusal to give up Buraimi† (Smith, 2008). As highlighted by Petersen (2000), Hoover the Assistant secretary of State responded to the Anglo-American crack over Suez by stating that â€Å"this cleavage had gone a great deal deeper than people imagined. It had Started a long time ago even before Suez and as far back as the Buraimi incident† (Petersen, 2000:72). Petersen further argued that the Buraimi crisis â€Å"presented Anglo-American diplomats with a conflict of interest which †¦ eventually contributed to the rupture of the Atlantic Alliance during the Suez crisis of 1956† (Petersen, 1992:72) The British was hurt the most by the Suez crisis, which resulted in a break down in relations between Britain and America, a near crippling of the Pound sterling and in the resignation of Eden the conservative Prime Minister, as his health wrecked. According to Freiberger (1992), the crisis further exploded the lingering imperial pretensions of Britain and quickened the independence of its colonies e.g. Ghana and Nigeria. Britain learnt from the Suez crisis that it would never be able to take actions independently of America again as British politicians are contented to play second fiddle to America. If there is a special relationship between Britain and America, then it is a one way street with Britain hanging on to the coat-tails of the United States. Suez showed the French that perfide Albion could not be relied on as Britain always places its â€Å"special† relationship with America above its European interests. Conclusion History shows that international relations vary with the strength and character of respective leaders and that applies to the relationship between the United States and Great Britain. In the aftermath of Suez, Britains position became somewhat untenable to act like a superpower, her position as a world power began to decline with the rise of America. The Suez crisis made it very clear to the US that it has to take more prominence in crisis of the Middle East. One could easily wonder if the United States actively developed a strategy to replace Britain as a dominant power in the Middle East or if the US sacrificed its allies with the ambition of gaining total domination of the region. However, there have been recent controversies regarding the existence of the special relationship. According to a recent report by the Commons foreign affairs committee, Americas relationship with Britain is not more special than its relationship with its other main allies, and the term ‘special relationship does not portray the ‘modern Anglo-American relationship. (Times online, 28th March 2010) In this report, a committee of influential MPs state that â€Å"Britains special relationship with the US—forged by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt in the Second World War—no longer exists† (Times online, 28th March 2010). Does this mean that the relationship is dead? Relying on the traditional model of bilateral partnership will certainly doom this relationship to obscurity. Strengthening Britains leadership within the EU and a renewed partnership within multilateral institutions are essential for a strong and vital special relationship in the 21st century. Burwell (2010) echoed that the fundamental element of the special relationship in the 21st century must be partnerships that surpass the bilateral UK-US relationships. The Anglo-American special relationship should work towards a partnership with multilateral institutions to take on global challenges through diplomacy and political influence.

Comparing the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Ruth Stone Essay -- Comparison

Comparing the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Ruth Stone Gary Snyder is not only a poet, but a preacher of sorts. His poems carry powerful messages about getting back to your roots. His poems contain strong themes of anti-consumerism and spirituality. "Facts" is a short piece consisting of facts on consumerism in America. This piece warns of the dangers of over consumption and lack of moderation. In some cases, however, Snyder does appear far too extreme in his views, like in "By Frazier Creek Falls" where is says "We could live on this Earth / Without clothes or tools." This theme of "primitivism" is a common theme in Snyder's poetry. Many of his poems are about nature and the "uncivilized" world. the settings of his poems are often woods, lakes, mountain trails, or other similar uninhabited uncultivated areas. Snyder's poetry is sometimes political activism in disguise. "Four Changes" is less like a poem and more like an environmental extremist's manifesto. Each of the "changes" closes with a suggestion of what type of soci al or political action to take in order to make the aforementioned change occur. Loss is a major theme in Ruth Stone's poetry, although her poems are rarely depressing as one might expect from loss poems. Instead, her poems contain a bitter yet sharp tone of humor. She writes about the loss of her husband, old lovers, her mother, and the past. Stone also writes about the dangers of getting too caught up in the modern world and losing touch with our roots. In "The Solution" she refers to "My friend the Supermarket" which brings her gratification in several ways. In "Lullaby" she writes about babies who kiss their computer goodnight and tells how they program computers after putting on thei... ...aired Mother† and writes many poems about mothers. Both Snyder and Stone make use of strong concrete images in their poems. In â€Å"The Bath† Snyder appeals to almost all of the senses by talking about the â€Å"crackle of waterdrops† and â€Å"the scent of cedar† and his wife entering the sauna, â€Å"letting in cool air.† In â€Å"Simplicity† Stone’s intense use of adjectives and figurative language creates strong images in the reader’s mind. She describes her surroundings as â€Å"wrinkled skin on a cup of boiled milk† an describes â€Å"the water’s muscular flow.† The writings of both poets can be described as both simple and complex at the same time, just like the world they’re writing about. While on a purely literal level you may be reading about loss, family, traveling, or nature, all of the poems have a deeper meaning about these topics that the poet leaves the reader to discover.

Analysis of Raleghs Nature, that washed her hands in milk Essay

Analysis of Ralegh's "Nature, that washed her hands in milk" Nature, that washed her hands in milk† can be divided structurally into two halves; the first three stanzas constitute the first half, and the last three stanzas make up the second half. Each stanza in the first half corresponds to a stanza in the second half. The first stanza describes the temperament of Nature, who is, above all, creative. This first stanza of the first half corresponds to stanza four, the first stanza in the second half of the poem. Stanza four divulges the nature of Time, who, unlike Nature, is ultimately a destroyer. Time is introduced as the enemy of Nature, and Ralegh points out that not only does Nature â€Å"despise† Time, she has good reason for it (l. 19). Time humiliates her: he â€Å"rudely gives her love the lie,/Makes Hope a fool, and Sorrow wise† (20-21). The parallel between the temperaments of Nature and Time is continued in stanzas two and five. Stanza two describes the mistress that Nature makes for Love. This mistress, who is made of â€Å"snow and silk† instead of earth, has features that are easily broken (3). Each external feature is individually fragile: her eyes are made of light, which cannot even be touched, her breath is as delicate as a violet, and she has â€Å"lips of jelly† (7-8). Her demeanor is unreliable, as well; it is made â€Å"Only of wantonness and wit† (12). It is no surprise that all of the delicate beauty Nature creates in stanza two is destroyed by Time in stanza five. Time â€Å"dims, discolors, and destroys† the creation of Nature, feature by feature (25-26). Stanzas three and six complete the parallel. In the third stanza, the mistress is made, but in her is â€Å"a heart of stone† (15). Ralegh points out that her charm o... ...s known to outlast flesh once a body has died. Time spoils the insides of the mistress, as well; he â€Å"doth dull each lively wit,/And dries all wantonness with it† (29-30). The poet’s preservation of the order of creation and demolition helps to present Time as a methodical destructive force. Time is in no hurry to get rid of the mistress or beauty, but he certainly will perform his task to completion. Careful word choices and syntax aid Ralegh’s depiction of Time, as well. Reading â€Å"Nature, that washed her hands in milk† feels like a lesson and a story at the same time because the syntax is short and to the point. Each stanza ends with a rhyming couplet, giving a self-contained feeling to each phrase, which lends to the aphoristic feel of the poem. Both Ralegh’s plain style and his use of parallel structure serve as vehicles to convey the meaning of his poem.

Dignity is Common Knowledge :: essays research papers

Dignity Dignity is not something that you find within everyone, it is a question of philosophy. Some say it is human nature to be undignified and it must be taught by parents or teachers. Others think that we are all born with the knowledge of proper behavior, and it is the law which makes some people act undignified. I myself believe that we are all born with a common knowledge about how to act around others, and we choose whether or not to abide by that sense. There are benefits of learning to behave tastefully within the public?s eye and disadvantages if we choose to not behave respectfully. We are all born with a sense of dignity, and as we grow older our action bring us gain or lose to that dignity and what others see within us. Human dignity is a sense of how we respect others and how respect ourselves. If you mistreat people and show no respect towards them, they will see you as a person with a low sense of dignity. If you treat people with the respect they deserve and act with a tasteful manner towards them, they will see you as a person with a high sense of dignity. When others see you as someone with low dignity, you are out casted. It is easy to dislike someone who is disrespectful, and who reacts without thinking. Not learning to act properly at a young age affects you as you get older. At a younger age it can be passed up as acting up and not knowing what you are doing. But with age, a more tasteful behavior will be needed. Without such behavior, it would be hard to keep a job which interacts with others, and it would be hard to find lifelong friends that would respect you as you are. When others see you as someone with high dignity, you are more likely to be accepted by others. Just like the old saying ?Treat others, like you wish to be treated?. If you act respectful towards others, they should treat the same. You must treat people as more then just objects, if you are respectful you would look them and the eye and see them as your equal. Learning to act respectfully is easy, simply think before you react. Think, would you say that to yourself, or would you do the following act to yourself.

Mmc 4200 Exam 2

MMC 4200-Spring 2012 Review Sheet for Second Exam Copyright ©2012 Prof. Sandra Chance Chapter 5- Privacy 1. Where did the right to privacy come from?Development of the 20th century and often traced back to an 1890 article in the Harvard Law Review written by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis who argued that advances in technology and the voyeurism of urban newspapers necessitated new legal protections for privacy.The right to privacy is protected by the U. S. Constitution. (The right to be let alone and free from unwarranted governmental intrusion.because â€Å"gossip had become a business,† argues that it was rooted in the individual's dignity in the law of copyright and trespassRight to privacy isn't in the Constitution, new added on expressed right2. What are the four torts of privacy?Private factsIntrusion: a physical or technological invasion of a person's privacyFalse light: public portrayal of someone in a distorted or fictionalized †¢ Appropriation: unauthorized commercial exploitation of someone's identity3. What are the elements for a private fact case?Publication o f a private matter that is: (1) highly offensive to a reasonable person, AND (2)is not of legitimate concern to the public. -TRUTH is not a defense. -Must be widely published. -publication of information that is â€Å"so intimate† and the publication of which is â€Å"so unwarranted† as to shock or â€Å"outrage the community's notions of decency†4. What are the defenses to a private fact case?†¢ First Amendment – Protects most truthful information lawfully acquired IF not highly offensive to a reasonable person and of legitimate concern to the public.†¢ Newsworthiness Public Records and Occurrences – Strange and Unusual? – Newsworthiness over Time†¢ Consent5. What are the elements of intrusion? – Reasonable expectation to privacy – Intentional invasion of a person's physical seclusion or private affairs – Highly offensive to a reasonable person – Physical, electronically or mechanical – Does not require publication, only information gathering a single person can be sued6. What is the general rule about filming, photographing and recording? – If it is in public there is am implied consent, if not in a public place consent is needed.Media personnel can photograph, film, and record what they easily see/hear in public places provided they do not harass, trespass or otherwise intrude – Public: street, parks – Quasi-public: prison, restaurant or a mall7. When is intrusive behavior typically found not to be highly offensive? – Expectation of privacy that you are in, in a place with high -more likely to be offensive (bedroom or hospital), lower- not typically highly offensive- applies to public figures as well – Obama's bedroom is as private as mine 8. What are the rules about secret recording (hidden cameras)?See Dietemann v. Time, Inc. – Hidden devices are indispensable tools of newsgathering (newsgathering) – In Florida it is unlawful to record without other parties, you have to obtain permission – Cannot audiotape without consent if they have a reasonable expectation of privacy in Florida9. What are the elements of a trespass? – Physical invasion of someone's property without the consent of the owner (physical) – Only defense is consent – Ex: Food Lion, went past where public is let in, weird meats being sold sued for the act of trespass but not the information required10.What is the defense of custom and usage? See Florida Publishing Co. v. Fletcher. -Custom and Usage, Florida one of the few. It is a defense for intrusion and trespass, public officials gave you implied consent – Firefighter letting photographer follow him11. What are the elements of a false light tort? See Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co. – Person Not identified – Portrayed in a false light – Harmed – Distortion: deleting elements, fictionalization: adding new elemen ts12. When must a plaintiff prove â€Å"actual malice† in a false light case? See Time, Inc. v. Hill. – Involved in a newsworthy13.What are the defenses for a false light case? What’s happening in Florida? Remember the Anderson case from our class discussion. – Truth, individual was not identified, privileged source, actual malice proof required by plaintiff, consent, not offensive to a reasonable person – Florida does not recognize false light only defamation14. What are the elements of appropriation? What’s happening in Florida? One who appropriates to his/her own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of privacy.Unauthorized commercial use of another's name or likeness.Protects a person’s property rightRight of publicity – Advertisements – Look Alikes and Sound AlikesDefenses – Newsworthiness? Zacchini v. Scripps? Howard Broadcasting Co. – Consent In Florida:Lawsuit over â€Å"Perfect Storm† filed by family members of William Tyne, captain of the Andrea Gail.Florida Supreme Court rules in favor of Warner Brothers.Florida Statute 540. 08 prevents the use of a person’s name or likeness to directly promote a product or service. Does not apply to publications, including motion pictures, which do not promote a product or service.15.What are your defenses if you get sued for appropriation? See Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard – Newsworthiness – Consent – Individual not identified – The First Amendment16. What are the elements for an emotional distress lawsuit? †¢ [pic]Conduct that atrocious and utterly intolerable in civilized community, outrageous conduct by the media is thought to cause extreme anxiety (usually unsuccessful)17. What’s the difference between private figures and public official/figures suing for intentional infliction of emotional distress? See Hustler Magazine v. Fa lwell – Public figures have to prove actual malice18. What is participant monitoring? What is the law in Florida? How is this different from the federal law? – law permits one party to a conversation to record or transmit a conversation without telling the other party, law is less tolerant of third party members recording conversations than – must have consent – federal law and most states permit participant monitoring if not conducted for criminal purposes 19. Do reporters trespass when they misrepresent themselves to acquire information from public businesses? – FL no because of custom and usage, other states might be different20. When is the media responsible for physical harm, which results from incitement, negligence or lack of duty not to publish material due to foreseeable harm? – Only held liable for foreseeable harm and incitement (when programs or stories appear to cause physical harm- Bradenburg v. Ohio-Hitman Manual Chapter 7 â⠂¬â€œ Political Speech21. How do the speech rights of corporations differ from individuals? Do corporations have First Amendment rights to free speech? When can these rights be limited or restricted? See First National Bank of Boston v. Belotti and Pacific Gas & Electric v. Public Utilities Comm. – Corporations can be required to testify against themselves and have no right of privacy – Provide commercial information to consumers – Allowed to lobby government – Not required to carry messages they oppose22. What are the rules about corporations/individuals contributing to political campaigns? How did these change after Citizens United v. FEC? – Corporations can give unregulated expenditures to promote a candidate. They cannot give contributions because it is direct to the campaign.23. Are governmental regulations on corporate speech constitutional? See Buckley v. Valeo. Yes24. What is the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act? The Bipartisan Campaign Refor m Act of 2002 (BCRA) includes several provisions designed to end the use of nonfederal, or â€Å"soft money† (money raised outside the limits and prohibitions of federal campaign finance law) for activity affecting federal elections. These include: †¢ Prohibiting national parties from raising or spending nonfederal funds †¢ Requiring state, district and local party committees to fund certain â€Å"federal election activities† with federal funds (i. e. ard money) and, in some cases, with money raised according to new limitations, prohibitions, and reporting requirements (i. e. Levin funds), or with a combination of such funds. †¢ Limiting fundraising by federal and nonfederal candidates and officeholders on behalf of party committees, other candidates, and nonprofit organizations. Campaign reform act 1974 defined what corporate expenditures were and placed limitations on them. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act put even more limiations on corporate expenditur es and when they could use money to pay for ads and limited whther they25.What is a PAC? -Political Action Committee26. What are the differences between expenditures and contributions, and why are these distinctions significant? – Contributions are gifts of money or services given directly to a candidate or campaign committee. The Supreme Court in Buckley, felt that limiting contributions helps prevent quid pro quo – Expenditures is money spent independently of candidates to advocate a company's position. This speech is considered â€Å"pure speech† and therefore is not restricted and limits on them are a direct restraint on political speech27. What are â€Å"electioneering† communications?28. What is express advocacy? – Express advocacy is directly promoting a candidate by using buzz words such as â€Å"Vote for__† or â€Å"Elect __†29. What provisions of the BCRA were upheld as constitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court in its Citize ns United v. FEC decision? – Preventing corporate and federal campaigns from making contributions directly to candidates was upheld as constitutional 10. What are the concerns raised by the Citizens United holding? What are the benefits of this decision? Concerns include â€Å"quid pro quo† or the idea that donating or supporting a candidate will require that candidate to help the supporter in the future. Dollars in exchange for votes – Instead of giving money to candidate, spending money on candidate Chapter 8 – Commercial Speech 1. How did the First Amendment protections for commercial speech evolve? See Valentine v. Chrestensen and New York Times v. Sullivan. – In Valentine v. Chrestensen, the supreme court ruled that commercial speech/advertisement feel outside of first amendment protected speech.The Valentine ruling was known as the â€Å"Commercial Speech Doctrine† In NYT v. Sullivan, the Supreme court said political advertisements, ev en if purchased, were still protected speech 2. What is the extent of First Amendment protection for commercial speech? Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council. The First Amendment protects 3. What â€Å"test† does a judge use in determining whether a regulation of advertising is an unconstitutional regulation because it violates the First Amendment? – The Four Part Test was created by Hudson Gas v.Public Service Commission – Is the speech commercial expression eligible for first amendment protection – Does the government have a substantial interest in regulating the expression – Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest – Is the regulation narrow 4. Does the First Amendment protect false advertising? No 5. When are regulations (also known as â€Å"prior restraint†) permissible when it comes to advertising? What are some other differences between commercial and political speech? 6. W hat is the Central Hudson test and when is it used? The central Hudson test is the narrowly tailored requirement of the Four Part test. It is used to ensure that regulations on speech are the least restrictive possible. 7. What is the FTC? What does it regulate? Where does its authority come from? What powers does it have? – The Federal Trade Commission which operates and receives authority from the Federal Trade Commision Act of 1914. Its primary mission is to protect consumers from unfair or deceptive market practices and to promote competition. It has the power to hold investigations, require advertisers to verify the accuracy of advertising claims. 8. What is an unfair practice? Unfair practice, as described by Congress, is one that causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers which is not reasonably avoidable by consumers themselves and not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or competition. This is more likely to occur in customer treatmen t than advertisements 9. What is a deceptive ad – The FTC defines deceptive as one that is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer with a material statement or omission. Advertisements don’t necessarily have to deceive someone to be deceptive, they just must have a â€Å"tendency† â€Å"capacity† or be â€Å"likely† to mislead 0. What are express and implied falsehoods? – Express falsehoods are ones that that make a direct representation using the direct meanings of words. They directly state something that is untrue, such as â€Å"caffeine free† coffee that contains caffeine. Implied falsehoods are statements of omission in advertisements that create a false impression 11. What authorities can regulate advertising? – States can enact legislation that prohibits unfair acts or deceptive advertising. Federal government can regulate advertising 12. What is the FTC’s complaint process? Citizens or competitors can make compla ints.Citizens cannot sue through federal courts. Can only complain to FTC and hope the FTC takes action. 13. What is the Lanham Act and when is it used? – The Lanaham Act prevents people from advertising false or misleading information 14. What is RICO and when is it useful to stop misleading or deceptive advertising? – RICO is the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act which curbed organized crime's infiltration of businesses, preventing uses of interstate enterprise, and fraudulent use of telephones or mail to promote illegal practices 15. What’s happening with personal data collection?Websites, businesses, social media, like Facebook? – Personal data is being used for idenity theft 15. When are corporations required to report financial information? See SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. 16. What is the SEC? Where does it get its authority? What does it have authority over? – The SEC is the Securities and Exchanges Commision and it has authority over publicly traded corporations in the New York Stock Exchange, and the availability to the public of its information 17. What is Rule 10(b)? What does it prohibit? How does it define fraud? See SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. Rule 10b-5 prevents insider trading, or making decisions to sell or buy stock based on information that is not available to the public 18. What is â€Å"insider trading† and what are the penalties for insider trading? See SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. – Insider training is buying or selling securities based on nonpublic corporate information 19. What does â€Å"tipping,† â€Å"tipper† and â€Å"tippee† mean? See SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. – Tipping- passing non public material onto friends or brokers so they can trade – Tipper- A person who passes on the nonpublic material Tippee: a person who receives an insider tip and makes a securities trade based on the information Important Cases: Chap. 5-Priv acy Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn Court established nearly complete First Amendment protection for the media to report information from official records available in open court when a Georgia father couldn't bring a privacy suit against a TV station for naming his daughter violating a Georgia statute (broadcast of a rape victim a misdemeanor) Supreme Court said â€Å"the First Amendment does not permit a privacy suit against the media for disseminating private information contained in public records† Florida Star v.BJF. Court said the First Amendment protects publication of lawfully acquired truthful information about a matter of public importance unless prohibiting publication will further a state interest â€Å"of highest order† -weighed individually, after Court reversed a judgment of Jacksonville newspaper publishing the full name of BJF rape victim, Florida Star acquired it from a gov. news release. S. Court reversed because it was a violent crime of paramount im portance Florida v.Globe Communications, Inc. Florida law was unconstitutional â€Å"that it was unconstitutional to publish the name of a victim of a sexual offense† because it was overly broad Cape Publishing, Inc. v. Bridges public exposure in an event involving a suicide, threatened murder, and police was of legitimate public interest, the court said, just as other crimes, arrests, police raids, accidents, and fires are of public interest Dietemann v. Time, Inc.US Court of Appeals ruled Dietman, a quack doctor, could collect damages from Time, Inc. for invasion of his privacy by two Life magazine employees who secretly photographed the doctor at his house as he waved a wand over bottles of body tissue and rubbed what he said was the cancerous breast of the other journalist, transmitter in journalist's purse went to a police car, awarded Dietman because it was in a private place Hustler Magazine v. FalwellFalwell sued for libel, invasion of privacy, and intentional inflict ion of emotional distress. Supreme Court reversed because an outrageous standard of liability is constitutional because it is too subjective and would punish the publishers’ motives, ad did not contain actual facts, or actual events therefore it was so outrageous it could be true, lost defamation, won emotional distress in court of appeals, then supreme court reversed it. Zacchini v. Scripps Howard Broadcasting Co.Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did not bar a human cannonball from pursuing a publicity suit under Ohio law against a television station that broadcast his entire act during a news program, Supreme Court called it â€Å"professional property† media lost Cantrell v. Forest City Publishing Co. Margret Cantrell sued for invasion of privacy because she was in false light due to a story by a reporter's deliberate falsifications that implied she was interviewed, claiming he had an interview with her, Supreme Court ruled there was NYT actual malice whe n the reporter falsified the information Fla. Publishing Co. v. Fletcher tate supreme court ruled that a Florida Times Union photographer didn't trespass when he accompanied firefighters into a private home after a major fire that killed a 17-yr old, Cindy Fletcher and published a picture of her body outline, but Court said the photographer was invited in by fire officials so there was an implied consent—legal influence is limited to Florida cases involving catastrophes Time, Inc. v. Hill family sued saying they had been portrayed in false light during a play that was recreated of their hostage situation, won lower court, Supreme Court said if it's a newsworthy issue must prove actual malice Anderson v.Pensacola News Journal (class discussion) Anderson was a political figure, him and wife going through divorce and went on a hunting trip, accidentally killed her. Portrayed in false light by the newspaper made him look like murder, won in lower courts, Florida supreme court doe s not recognize false light â€Å"it duplicates existing torts without the attendant protections of the first amendment, instead they do defamation† can't claim false light in Florida. Braun v.Soldier of Fortune Soldier of Fortune negligently published an advertisement that resulted in the death of Richard Braun, killer hired after he placed an ad â€Å"Gun for Hire† Court ruled that Fortune violated a public duty not to publish a clearly identifiable unreasonable risk of harm, ruling did not violate first amendment because publisher did not check danger and legality of advertisement-foreseeable harms? media responsible Chap. 7 – Political Speech Buckley v.Valeo Court said the concept that government may restrict the speech of some elements of our society in order to enhance the relative voice of others is wholly foreign to the First Amendment† upheld the federal law that sets limits on campaign contributions but ruled that spending money to influence elec tions is a form of constitutionally protected free speech, made distinction on contribution limits from expenditure limits, BUT part of the law was struck down.First National Bank of Boston v. Belotti bank wanted to buy ads opposing an income tax, law said that they couldn't publish it because it hadn't nothing to with the bank's business, Supreme Court created an almost unlimited First Amendment freedom for non-media corporations to spend money to support social issues—founded on the right of citizens to receive political speech by corporations Pacific Gas & Electric v. Public Utilities Comm.Supreme Court ruled that Pacific Gas could not be forced to include a newsletter from a consumer group in the company's billing envelope, unconstitutional for the commission to force them to publish messages they don't agree with Citizens United v. FEC overturned 100 years of laws and regulations, rejected quid pro quo (corruption) the distortion (level playing field-wealthy skewing mark etplace of ideas) case based on Hilary movie made by non-profit Citizens United, filed an injunction to stop Election Committee from applying BCRA, injuction denied, Supreme Court overturned sayingChap. 8 – Commercial Speech Valentine v. Chrestensen passing out handbills, statute in NY prohibiting passing out handbills , city arrested him, Supreme Court ruled NY could stop distribution because it was purely commercial advertising that fell outside first amendment protection, 1976 Virginia Pharmacy established protection for purely commercial advertisers Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v.Virginia Citizens Consumer Council law against publishing prices, citizens have first amendment right to receive and publish information Central Hudson Gas & Electric v. Public Service Court upheld utility's right to promote the use of electricity Kasky v. Nike Nike accused of sweatshops, sent out a press release, sued, Nike lost because they sent out misleading information not protected by t he First Amendment SEC v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. ompany issued press release to damper fears about large copper deposits, 12 days later hit huge deposit, insiders bought and sold stock Exam Review Know implied falsehood vs expressed falsehood. Expressed-written or said Implied-the ad itself implies that the product can do something it really can’t do. When can RICO be applied? When there is overwhelming corruption. People are being swindled In Florida no false lighthood because it’s so similar to defamation. False light DOES NOT exist.

Michael Jackson Psychobiography

When I first registered for this class I wasn’t really expecting anything to happen. I thought I would be bored, probably not pay any attention, and do what I had to in order to pass so that I can graduate. However, throughout the semester, I found myself enchanted by some of the creativity most of the artist created. I never appreciated art before, and a part of me feels disappointed at that thought now, because I have learned to appreciate some of the emotional depth and the expression these artists showed in their work.I found myself going to the museum whenever I have time now just to walk around and look at some of the things that are there. I hadn’t realized how much art ties into many different aspects of history and even surprisingly psychology. For the most part, this class, though I haven’t really engaged in topics, have opened my eyes to art, and really see that there is actually more than just paint on a canvas, or there is more meaning to a sculpture than meets the eyes. DAVID GARIBALDI David Garibaldi probably is not the most widely known artist of our time. He is still fairly young, but I fell in love with his art.There are many famous living artists today that I could have talked about, but Garibaldi really captured my attention. So, it would not surprise me if many people did not know who David Garibaldi is or know of is his artwork. To be honest, I did not know who he was either had he never appeared on America’s Got Talent in this 2012 past season. He has this mixture to his style of work which includes visual and performing art. There is this uniqueness to how he creates his work pieces, and I found it astonishing at how fast he can get a single art piece done and still be able to draw a person in instantly.Garibaldi Paintings Some people like things they can relate to, possibly understand just to keep them interested, and I thought that some of his art expresses that. In the first page of this paper, some of the images that are displayed are all from David Garibaldi. If you have not noticed, most of the pieces I have chosen to display on the cover page ties people in with music and dance. In my own opinion, I think Garibaldi expresses in most of his art pieces a sense of equality and unity among different people in gender and race.Though he does paint different portraits, he focuses on drawing people that tie in with music, for example, musicians. He has paintings of women enjoying and creating music, which to me, tells me that women should not be afraid to express themselves. Most women in today’s generation have trouble with self-esteem, so to me the paintings he has displaying women with the hair hiding the faces or, the image of a woman looking away gives the viewer a chance to let themselves think as if they were the image painted. If that were the case then that kind of style could encourage the viewer to step out of their shell.The image in the beginning of this paper the one that shows a group of people at a disco rink shows release from stress. The different styles, clothing, facial expressions show that people should go out, have fun and to just be yourself in public. DAVID GARIBALDI David Garibaldi probably is not the most widely known artist of our time. He is still fairly young, but I fell in love with his art. There are many famous living artists today that I could have talked about, but Garibaldi really captured my attention. So, it would not surprise me if many people did not know who David Garibaldi is or know of is his artwork.To be honest, I did not know who he was either had he never appeared on America’s Got Talent in this 2012 past season. He has this mixture to his style of work which includes visual and performing art. There is this uniqueness to how he creates his work pieces, and I found it astonishing at how fast he can get a single art piece done and still be able to draw a person in instantly. Garibaldi Paintings Some people like things they can relate to, possibly understand just to keep them interested, and I thought that some of his art expresses that.In the first page of this paper, some of the images that are displayed are all from David Garibaldi. If you have not noticed, most of the pieces I have chosen to display on the cover page ties people in with music and dance. In my own opinion, I think Garibaldi expresses in most of his art pieces a sense of equality and unity among different people in gender and race. Though he does paint different portraits, he focuses on drawing people that tie in with music, for example, musicians. He has paintings of women enjoying and creating music, which to me, tells me that women should not be afraid to express themselves.Most women in today’s generation have trouble with self-esteem, so to me the paintings he has displaying women with the hair hiding the faces or, the image of a woman looking away gives the viewer a chance to let themselves think as if t hey were the image painted. If that were the case then that kind of style could encourage the viewer to step out of their shell. The image in the beginning of this paper the one that shows a group of people at a disco rink shows release from stress. The different styles, clothing, facial expressions show that people should go out, have fun and to just be yourself in public.Portrait of Christ He created a piece called Portrait of Christ, displaying Christ in what looked like his final moments before his crucifixion. I witnessed how created this piece on YouTube, and I just couldn’t believe how he painted this portrait. He created this piece extremely fast, and not to mention he painted the portrait in way that no one could make out at first until he flipped the canvas around to reveal the competition of his painting. The colors embellished in this painting gave off a series of emotions. The purple, blue, white, and green around Christ’s face and neckline resembled abuse .It told me the story of what he had to go through in order to fulfill God’s will in sacrificing himself for mankind. The black around the eye area, frown, and the tilt of the head of Christ shows sadness, or perhaps reciting a prayer since the black covering the area where the eyes would be give an appearance that his eyes are closed. Painted on top of Christ’s head was the crown of thorns with dashes of red to symbolize the blood, sweat and tears he shed for humanity. The image of the crown in the portrait displays a selfless act, one in which Christ had no qualms in wearing since he knew it was for the benefit of others.This portrait is a magnificent piece of art, because I honestly think that by the position Garibaldi painted Christ, the way he moved to create the piece shows such a strong passionate drive Garibaldi has in wanting to portray a deeper intimacy picture of Christ. The canvases which represent the series of colors, the use of musical influence really a dds to his exceptionality style and details with each stroke. Garibaldi paints in front of his audiences enthusiastically because he wants to get across his messages on the canvases to the audience. Michael Jackson Psychobiography When I first registered for this class I wasn’t really expecting anything to happen. I thought I would be bored, probably not pay any attention, and do what I had to in order to pass so that I can graduate. However, throughout the semester, I found myself enchanted by some of the creativity most of the artist created. I never appreciated art before, and a part of me feels disappointed at that thought now, because I have learned to appreciate some of the emotional depth and the expression these artists showed in their work.I found myself going to the museum whenever I have time now just to walk around and look at some of the things that are there. I hadn’t realized how much art ties into many different aspects of history and even surprisingly psychology. For the most part, this class, though I haven’t really engaged in topics, have opened my eyes to art, and really see that there is actually more than just paint on a canvas, or there is more meaning to a sculpture than meets the eyes. DAVID GARIBALDI David Garibaldi probably is not the most widely known artist of our time. He is still fairly young, but I fell in love with his art.There are many famous living artists today that I could have talked about, but Garibaldi really captured my attention. So, it would not surprise me if many people did not know who David Garibaldi is or know of is his artwork. To be honest, I did not know who he was either had he never appeared on America’s Got Talent in this 2012 past season. He has this mixture to his style of work which includes visual and performing art. There is this uniqueness to how he creates his work pieces, and I found it astonishing at how fast he can get a single art piece done and still be able to draw a person in instantly.Garibaldi Paintings Some people like things they can relate to, possibly understand just to keep them interested, and I thought that some of his art expresses that. In the first page of this paper, some of the images that are displayed are all from David Garibaldi. If you have not noticed, most of the pieces I have chosen to display on the cover page ties people in with music and dance. In my own opinion, I think Garibaldi expresses in most of his art pieces a sense of equality and unity among different people in gender and race.Though he does paint different portraits, he focuses on drawing people that tie in with music, for example, musicians. He has paintings of women enjoying and creating music, which to me, tells me that women should not be afraid to express themselves. Most women in today’s generation have trouble with self-esteem, so to me the paintings he has displaying women with the hair hiding the faces or, the image of a woman looking away gives the viewer a chance to let themselves think as if they were the image painted. If that were the case then that kind of style could encourage the viewer to step out of their shell.The image in the beginning of this paper the one that shows a group of people at a disco rink shows release from stress. The different styles, clothing, facial expressions show that people should go out, have fun and to just be yourself in public. DAVID GARIBALDI David Garibaldi probably is not the most widely known artist of our time. He is still fairly young, but I fell in love with his art. There are many famous living artists today that I could have talked about, but Garibaldi really captured my attention. So, it would not surprise me if many people did not know who David Garibaldi is or know of is his artwork.To be honest, I did not know who he was either had he never appeared on America’s Got Talent in this 2012 past season. He has this mixture to his style of work which includes visual and performing art. There is this uniqueness to how he creates his work pieces, and I found it astonishing at how fast he can get a single art piece done and still be able to draw a person in instantly. Garibaldi Paintings Some people like things they can relate to, possibly understand just to keep them interested, and I thought that some of his art expresses that.In the first page of this paper, some of the images that are displayed are all from David Garibaldi. If you have not noticed, most of the pieces I have chosen to display on the cover page ties people in with music and dance. In my own opinion, I think Garibaldi expresses in most of his art pieces a sense of equality and unity among different people in gender and race. Though he does paint different portraits, he focuses on drawing people that tie in with music, for example, musicians. He has paintings of women enjoying and creating music, which to me, tells me that women should not be afraid to express themselves.Most women in today’s generation have trouble with self-esteem, so to me the paintings he has displaying women with the hair hiding the faces or, the image of a woman looking away gives the viewer a chance to let themselves think as if t hey were the image painted. If that were the case then that kind of style could encourage the viewer to step out of their shell. The image in the beginning of this paper the one that shows a group of people at a disco rink shows release from stress. The different styles, clothing, facial expressions show that people should go out, have fun and to just be yourself in public.Portrait of Christ He created a piece called Portrait of Christ, displaying Christ in what looked like his final moments before his crucifixion. I witnessed how created this piece on YouTube, and I just couldn’t believe how he painted this portrait. He created this piece extremely fast, and not to mention he painted the portrait in way that no one could make out at first until he flipped the canvas around to reveal the competition of his painting. The colors embellished in this painting gave off a series of emotions. The purple, blue, white, and green around Christ’s face and neckline resembled abuse .It told me the story of what he had to go through in order to fulfill God’s will in sacrificing himself for mankind. The black around the eye area, frown, and the tilt of the head of Christ shows sadness, or perhaps reciting a prayer since the black covering the area where the eyes would be give an appearance that his eyes are closed. Painted on top of Christ’s head was the crown of thorns with dashes of red to symbolize the blood, sweat and tears he shed for humanity. The image of the crown in the portrait displays a selfless act, one in which Christ had no qualms in wearing since he knew it was for the benefit of others.This portrait is a magnificent piece of art, because I honestly think that by the position Garibaldi painted Christ, the way he moved to create the piece shows such a strong passionate drive Garibaldi has in wanting to portray a deeper intimacy picture of Christ. The canvases which represent the series of colors, the use of musical influence really a dds to his exceptionality style and details with each stroke. Garibaldi paints in front of his audiences enthusiastically because he wants to get across his messages on the canvases to the audience.